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Experiments indicate that adult role-modeling of giving has a causal effect on giving done by children, but a previous investigation using data from a natural setting suggests zero causal effect of parent role-modeling on their adolescents’ giving. This article presents new evidence about the divergent findings: (i) parent giving does not automatically translate into adolescents knowing that their parents give, and (ii) adolescents are much less likely to know that their parents give if parents give from time-to-time. The results suggest new experimental designs that randomize (a) the frequency of role-modeling, (b) communication approaches that explain role-modeling actions to children, and (c) whether the receiving organization is in-group or out-group. The practical implications of the results are that frequent giving by a parent is necessary for adolescents to successfully ‘receive’ the role model, but may not be sufficient. Purposeful communication is needed to ensure that adolescents know that their parents are giving.

 

Ensuring fairness in anomaly detection models has received much attention recently as many anomaly detection applications involve human beings. However, existing fair anomaly detection approaches mainly focus on association-based fairness notions. In this work, we target counterfactual fairness, which is a prevalent causation-based fairness notion. The goal of counterfactually fair anomaly detection is to ensure that the detection outcome of an individual in the factual world is the same as that in the counterfactual world where the individual had belonged to a different group. To this end, we propose a counterfactually fair anomaly detection (CFAD) framework which consists of two phases, counterfactual data generation and fair anomaly detection. Experimental results on a synthetic dataset and two real datasets show that CFAD can effectively detect anomalies as well as ensure counterfactual fairness. 

High entropy oxide nanoparticles (HEO NPs) with multiple component elements possess improved stability and multiple uses for functional applications, including catalysis, data memory, and energy storage. However, the synthesis of homogenous HEO NPs containing five or more immiscible elements with a single-phase structure is still a great challenge due to the strict synthetic conditions. In particular, several synthesis methods of HEO NPs require extremely high temperatures. In this study, we demonstrate a low cost, facile, and effective method to synthesize three- to eight-element HEO nanoparticles by a combination of electrospinning and low-temperature ambient annealing. HEO NPs were generated by annealing nanofibers at 330 °C for 30 minutes under air conditions. The average size of the HEO nanoparticles was ∼30 nm and homogenous element distribution was obtained from post-electrospinning thermal decomposition. The synthesized HEO NPs exhibited magnetic properties with the highest saturation magnetization at 9.588 emu g −1 and the highest coercivity at 147.175 Oe for HEO NPs with four magnetic elements while integrating more nonmagnetic elements will suppress the magnetic response. This electrospun and low-temperature annealing method provides an easy and flexible design for nanoparticle composition and economic processing pathway, which offers a cost- and energy-effective, and high throughput entropy nanoparticle synthesis on a large scale. 

Myomectomy is the preferred treatment for women with uterine fibroids and fertility requirements. There are three modalities are used in clinical practice for myomectomy: abdominal myomectomy (AM), laparoscopic myomectomy (LM), and robot‐assisted laparoscopic myomectomy (RLM).

To compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes of RLM, AM, and LM.

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Clinical Trials for relevant literature published between January 2000 and January 2023.

We included all studies reporting peri‐ and postoperative outcomes of myomectomy in patients with uterine myomas. Surgical treatments were classified as RLM, LM, or AM.

Two or more authors selected studies independently, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. We derived mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome, subgrouping trials by the patient characteristics and myoma characteristics. We used theI²statistic to quantify heterogeneity and the random‐effects model for meta‐analysis when appropriate. We used the funnel plot to assess the publication bias.

A total of 32 studies with 6357 patients were included, of which 1982 women had undergone RLM. The operating time was significantly longer (MD = 43.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.22–61.93,P < 0.001), and the incidence of cesarean section after myomectomy was significantly lower (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10–0.78,P = 0.02) in RLM than in LM. Compared with AM, the operation time, blood loss, blood transfusion rate, complication rate, total cost, length of hospital stay, and pregnancy rate of patients with RLM were significantly different.

The safety and effectiveness of RLM are superior to those of AM but inferior to those of LM.

 

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a highly promising material for photovoltaics (PV) and photodetectors due to its light‐absorbing properties. However, efficient design and use of flexible devices require a deep understanding of its atomic‐level deformation mechanism. Herein, uniaxial compression deformation of CdTe monocrystalline with varying crystal orientations is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) with a newly developed machine‐learning force field (ML‐FF), alongside in‐situ micropillar compression experiments. The findings reveal that CdTe bulk deformation is dominated by reversible martensitic phase transformation, whereas CdTe pillar deformation is primarily driven by dislocation nucleation and movement. CdTe monocrystals possess exceptional super‐recoverable deformation along the <100> orientation due to hyper‐elastic processes induced by martensitic transformation. This discovery not only sheds light on the peculiarities observed in micropillar experimental measurements, but also provides pivotal insights into the fundamental deformation behaviors of CdTe and similar II–VI compounds under various stress conditions. These insights are crucial for the innovative design and enhanced functionality of future flexible electronic devices.

 

The dynamic mechanical properties of metallic glasses (MGs) are crucial to capturing the deformation signatures as well as for structural and functional applications. In this work, we investigate the influence of nanoscale structural heterogeneity of MGs on dynamic plasticity, focusing on the variation in strain rate sensitivity and the transition of deformation mechanisms, using a combined experimental and simulation approach. The Cu 50 Zr 50 thin-film MGs with different nanoscale heterogeneities are synthesized using magnetron sputtering and further characterized using dynamic force microscopy and nanoindentation. All the films exhibit a strain rate hardening effect, but a transition in strain rate sensitivity as the indentation rate increases has been found in the MG with a higher heterogeneity. To understand the underlying mechanisms, mesoscale shear transformation zone dynamics simulations are performed on model Cu 50 Zr 50 MGs. The simulation results are able to capture the experimental trend. Notably, the transition in strain rate sensitivity for a heterogenous MG stems from a change in deformation mechanisms: from structure-dictated strain localization at a lower strain rate to stress-dictated strain percolation into a shear band at a higher strain rate. The observed strain rate sensitivity and the corresponding mechanisms are summarized in a deformation mechanism map where nanoscale structural heterogeneity and strain rate are varied. We envision our study not only providing insights into the structure and property relationship of MGs on the nanoscale but also will facilitate the design of heterogeneous MGs for dynamic applications.